Department

Department of Linguistics

Xinchun (Jean) Wang, Chair
Peters Business Building, Room 383
559.278.2441
www.fresnostate.edu/linguistics

Degrees and Programs Offered

BA in Linguistics - Teaching English as a Second Language Option, B.A.
BA in Linguistics - Computational Linguistics Option, B.A.
BA in Linguistics - General Linguistics Option, B.A.
BA in Linguistics - Interdisciplinary Language Studies Option, B.A.
BS in Cognitive Science, B.S.
CERT in TESOL, Certificate of Adv. Study
MA in Linguistics, M.A.
MA in Linguistics - Teaching English as a Second Language Option, M.A.
MN in Linguistics, Minor
MN in Computational Linguistics, Minor
MN in Chinese, Minor
MN in Teaching English As A Second Language, Minor
MN in Cognitive Science, Minor
MN in Japanese, Minor

Language is an essential part of our life. Nothing characterizes humanity more than the ability to use language. Linguists analyze sounds, words, sentences, and texts. Linguists also make valuable contributions to practical fields such as K-12 teaching, second and foreign language teaching, language planning, translation, computer science, forensic linguistics, and language disorders.

Computational applications of linguistics, such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, and machine-assisted translation, have also become increasingly important.

Our undergraduate and graduate programs develop intellectual skills that are essential to professional careers or advanced degrees. Our courses provide analytical tools that can be applied to virtually any subject. They also help enhance critical thinking, satisfy broad intellectual interest, and enrich personal knowledge.

Our majors can be applied directly to various professional fields. They also serve as excellent preparation for pursuing advanced degrees in linguistics and other fields such as English, anthropology, psychology, sociology, computer science, and foreign languages. TESL is an important part of our program and especially compatible with degrees in education and liberal studies. A Japanese minor can be profitably combined with majors in such areas as business, international relations, linguistics, and literature.

Minors in Chinese and Japanese are also available for students with plans to pursue careers in various areas, such as international business, marketing, economics, art and literature, etc., where a knowledge of language and culture would be useful.

The B.A. Option in Computational Linguistics is for those students interested in text processing, forensic linguistics, software design, machine translation, and other professions dealing with the interface between computers and humans.

Facilities

The Department of Linguistics has a computer lab for computer-assisted language learning (CALL), for language study, for the analysis of speech sounds, and for displaying the operation of the organs of speech. Computers are used for simulating speech and for mapping the geographical extent of language features, as well as for storing the data needed for the making of grammars and dictionaries. The Linguistics Department provides practical classroom teaching experience for qualified TESL students through employment in the American English Institute. For more, see American English Institute in the Special Programs section of this catalog. Also associated with the Linguistics Department is the Forensic Linguistics Institute (FLI). The FLI provides analyses in linguistic stylistics to extramural clients, thereby giving Fresno State linguistics majors opportunities for work, study, and research.

Courses

Linguistics

ARAB 1A. Elementary Arabic A

Beginning course in modern standard Arabic focusing on elementary conversational and written Arabic and cultural traditions of Arabic speaking people. (Formerly LING 40T). G.E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall
GE Area: C2

ARAB 1B. Elementary Arabic B

Prerequisite: ARAB 1A or consent of professor. Beginning course in modern Arabic focusing on developing conversational and written skills, vocabulary, and grammar. Cultural heritage of Arabic speaking people is also studied with emphasis on poetry as an important cultural expression. G.E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring
GE Area: C2

ARAB 2A. Intermediate Modern Arabic 2A

Pre-requisite: Arabic 1B or consent of instructor. First semester intermediate course on modern standard Arabic focusing on grammar and developing writing, reading, and speaking skills. Cultural heritage of Arabic speaking people is also studied with emphasis on Arabic contempoarary poetry and prose.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

ARAB 2B. Intermediate Modern Arabic 2B

Prequisite: Good working knowledge of Arabic or consent of instructor. Second course in Intermediate Arabic focusing on developing proficiency in conversational, written, and reading skills. The cultural heritage of the Arabic speaking world is also studied with emphasis on Arabic classical and contemporary peotry and prose. S

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

CGSCI 100. Foundations of Cognitive Science

An interdisciplinary area of study focusing on cognition: how we perceive the world, and how we can model the ways we think or perceive. Brings together the key fields of linguistics, psychology, philosophy and computer science.

Units: 4

CGSCI 101. Cognitive Science Seminar

Introduces students to the discipline of Cognitive Science through a series of lectures given by local and visiting Cognitive Scientists. The structure and content will vary from term-to-term. May be taken 3 times for credit.

Units: 3, Repeatable up to 9 units

CHIN 1A. Elementary Chinese

Prerequisite: G. E. Foundation A2. Beginning course in modern Mandarin Chinese, including basic communication skills, cultural traditions (literature, music, philosophy, and lifestyle) of the Chinese people, and appreciation/practice of the most important Chinese art form: calligraphy. G. E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall
GE Area: C2

CHIN 1B. Elementary Chinese

Prerequisite: G. E. Foundation A2. Not open to students with previous training. Beginning course in spoken and written Mandarin Chinese including developing and understanding of the traditions and lifestyles of the speakers fo the language. G. E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring
GE Area: C2

CHIN 2A. Intermediate Chinese

Prerequisite: CHIN 1B. Intermediate grammar, speaking, reading, and writing.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

CHIN 2B. Intermediate Chinese

Prerequisite: CHIN 1B. Intermediate grammar, speaking, reading, writing.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

CHIN 100. Advanced Chinese

Advanced Mandarin Chinese course focusing on the skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and traditions and culture of the Chinese people.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

EHD 154B. Final Student Teaching Seminar - ESL

Prerequisites: Concurrent enrollment in EHD 155B. Seminar to accompany final student teaching that provides opportunities for candidates to investigate and discuss variety of topics and strategies and to reflect on issues that surface during their student teaching experience.

Units: 1

EHD 155B. Studt Tchg ESL

Prerequisites: admission to student teaching, EHD 155A, CI 161 (or concurrently, depending on major departmental policy); senior or post baccalaureate standing; approval of major department including subject matter competency approval; completion of the subject matter preparation program or passing the subject matter examination(s) designated by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Supervised teaching in single subject classroom; assignment is for the full day; five days per week. CR/NC grading only.

Units: 5-10, Repeatable up to 999 units
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

HEBR 1A. Basic Hebrew

Basic structure and pronunciation of Hebrew; practice in reading, writing, speaking, and grammar; suitable introduction to both Biblical and modern Hebrew.

Units: 3

HEBR 1B. Basic Hebrew

Basic structure and pronunciation of Hebrew; practice in reading, writing, speaking, and grammar; suitable introduction to both Biblical and modern Hebrew.

Units: 3

HMONG 1A. Basic Hmong

Prerequisite: G. E. Foundation A2 for HMONG 1B. Beginning course in spoken Hmong. Covers listening comprehension and oral practice, basic grammar, vocabulary, adn traditionsa nd lifestyle of the speakers of the language. HMONG 1B is G E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

HMONG 1B. Basic Hmong

Prerequisite: G.E. Foundation A2 for HMONG 1B. Beginning course in spoken Hmong. Covers listening comprehension and oral practice, basic grammar, vocabulary, and traditions and lifestyle of the speakers of the language. HMONG 1B is G.E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring
GE Area: C2

HMONG 4. Beginning Literacy for Hmong Speakers

For the native speaker of Hmong. Emphasis on basic reading and composition skills. Includes practice in reading and writing simple texts. Covers the traditions and lifestyles of the speakers of the language.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

HMONG 100. Intermediate Reading and Composition

Prerequisite: HMONG 4 or equivalent. Further development of reading and composition skills. Includes practice in reading expository texts and review of grammatical structures.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

HMONG 101. Advanced Reading and Composition

Prerequisite: HMONG 100 or equivalent. Emphasis on strategies for complex texts. Enhancement of composition fluency and grammatical accuracy.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

JAPN 1A. Elementary Japanese

Prerequisite: G.E. Foundation A2. Not open to native speakers of Japanese. First course in modern Japanese, including basic communication skills, cultural traditions of the Japanese people, and appreciation/practice of calligraphy.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: C2

JAPN 1B. Elementary Japanese

Prerequisite: G.E. Foundation A2. JAPN 1A is prerequisite to JAPN 1B. Not open to native speakers of Japanese. Second course in modern Japanese, including basic communication skills, cultural traditions of the Japanese people, and appreciation/practice of calligraphy.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: C2

JAPN 2A. Intermediate Japanese

Prerequisite: JAPN 1B. Further development of communicative skills in conversational Japanese. Also covers reading and writing in Kana and 200 Kanji characters.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

JAPN 2B. Intermediate Japanese

Prerequisite: JAPN 1B. Further development of communicative skills in conversational Japanese. Also covers reading and writing in Kana and 200 Kanji characters.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

JAPN 100. Advanced Japanese

Prerequisite: JAPN 2B or its equivalent. Enhancement of oral communicative fluency as well as grammatical accuracy. Includes practice in reading some expository writing. Covers 150 Kanji characters.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

LING 5. College Reading and Academic Language

College reading and academic language competencies necessary for success in academic subject course work, including active reading and vocabulary development strategies, summarizing, and elements of academic culture.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 6. Advanced English Strategies

Meets the university remediation requirement. Introduces strategies that ease transition to college reading and writing. Assists multilingual students with paraphrasing, summarizing, and essay writing; helps them build academic reading strategies. Credit cannot be used toward the linguisitics major or minor.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 10. Introduction to Language

Prerequisite: G.E. Foundation A2. The study of language - including its nature, structure, use, history, and acquisition - with the goal of imparting (1) an understanding of the importance of language in human affairs, including social and cultural functions and (2) an appreciation of its complexity and diversity. G. E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: C2

LING 11. Linguistics for Teachers

Open to liberal studies majors only. Prerequisite: G.E. Foundation A2. Basic linguistic analysis methods, introducing the subjects of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics exemplified by English and other languages. This class meets the linguistic educational needs of K-6 teachers as mandated by state policy.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 30. Language through the Lifespan

Physiological, psychological, and social aspects of language development and use during infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. First and second language acquisition, language and identity, and language and relationship. G.E. Breadth E1.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: E1

LING 40T. Topics in Linguistics

Topics to be offered at the discretion of the department.

Units: 1-4, Repeatable up to 12 units

LING 100. General Linguistics

Linguistics methodology: phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantic anal ysis. Language history: variation and change.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 110W. Advanced Composition for Foreign Students

Prerequisite: C or better in ENGL 10 or ENGL 5B. Review of English usage. Conventions of writing essays and formal research reports. Practice in paraphrasing and summarizing. Writing complex sentences in concise form. Meets the upper-division writing skills requirement.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 111W. Academic Writing Workshop

Designed to increase language awareness, and focus on punctuation, usage, and the conventions of writing academic prose using style manuals. Credits may not be used toward the linguistics major or minor. Meets the upper-division writing skills requirement for graduation.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 115. Language, Culture, and Society

Prerequisites: G.E. Foundation and Breadth Area C. Studies the relationship between language, culture, and thought; cultural traditions and language arts; cultural norms and interactional styles; language and the development of ethnic and national identity; meanings of social variation in language; discourse styles, and social variation in language; discourse styles and social roles/relations. G. E. Integration IC.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: IC

LING 120. Japanese Language and Culture

Understanding of the Japanese language in relation to the culture and society. Historical and sociocultural background, origin of Japanese, development of writing system, language variation, vocabulary, idioms and proverbs, discourse functions, levels of politeness, male-female speech, and cross-cultural communication. (Formerly LING 14T section)

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

LING 130. Language and Gender

Prerequisites: G.E. Foundation and Breadth Area C. A critical examination of the relationship between language and gender; sexism in linguistic structure and oral and written discourse; gender-based variation in linguistic norms and practices in different cultures and social groups; and social, educational, and political implications. G.E. Integration IC.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: IC

LING 132. Linguistics and Reading

The linguistics background necessary for teaching reading in English. The English spelling system; the grammar and vocabulary of written English; preparation and evaluation of materials for teaching reading.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 138. History of the English Language

Prerequisite: LING 10, LING 100 or LING 134. Study of the development of the sound system, grammar, vocabulary, and writing system of English.

Units: 3

LING 139. General Phonetics

Prerequisite: LING 100 Introduction to the phonetic properties of human languages; descriptive analysis of the speech sounds in a wide variety of languages; articulatory and acoustic aspects of speech; practice in production, perception, and transcription of speech sounds. Introduction to experimental techniques. (2 lecture, 2 lab hours)

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 140T. Topics in Linguistics

Topics to be offered at the discretion of the department.

Units: 1-4, Repeatable up to 12 units

LING 140T. Field Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 100. Firsthand experience in collecting and analyzing linguistic data. Introduction to and extensive practice with methods of collecting and presenting linguistic data.

Units: 3

LING 140T. Chinese Language and Culture

This course is designed for students who want to learn Mandarin Chinese and experience Chinese culture in a study abroad summer program in China. Those who have completed CHIN 1A, or an equivalent introductory Chinese course, are the target student group for this course. Students will have orientation meetings and classes during the semester to get prepared for the trip to China. All students enrolled will be studying Chinese language and culture in an intensive summer Chinese Program in China in May and June.

Units: 3

LING 141. Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

Theories and methods of teaching English to speakers of other languages.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 142. Phonology

The sound patterns of human language. Phonemic theory and analytical techniques. Distinctive feature theory and analysis. Major phonological processes and their description.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 143. Syntax

Prerequisite: LING 100. Theory and practice in the description of grammatical systems. Comparison of approaches. Practical experience with data.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 144. Discourse Analysis

Prerequisite: LING 100. Basic concepts in the study of discourse, including conversational structure; structure of narrative and expository texts; information flow; differences between spoken and written language and implications for the study of grammar and for language teaching.

Units: 3

LING 145. Historical Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 100. Explanation of similarities among languages; methods of reconstructing past languages and investigating relationship and grouping among languages. Comparison of approaches to language change.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

LING 146. Practical English Grammar for Language Teachers

English grammar from the perspective of the teacher. Format designed to be compatible with classroom needs of language arts and ESL teachers. By analyzing English structures, students gain confidence in their ability to teach English grammar to ethnically diverse students.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 147. Bilingualism

Prerequisites: G.E. Foundation and Breadth Area D. Examines bilingualism as an individual and societal phenomenon. Looks at language and identity; bilingual language acquisition and bilingual education. Survey of bilingual and multilingual situations and current issues associated with language diversity in the United States and elsewhere in the world. G. E. Multicultural/International MI.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring
GE Area: M/I

LING 148. Sociolinguistics

Prerequisite: Ling 100 Methods of investigation and major findings in the study of the relationship among languages of the world and social class, race, age, sex, and other social subcategories. Political and educational implications. Interaction between linguistic and social factors in linguistic variations.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 149. Corpus Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 100. This course will cover the development and use of large language corpora as they are used in theoretical and empirical research in Linguistics. Corpus linguistics is useful for students with interest in ESL, syntax, semantics, computational linguistics, forensic linguistics, language variation, spelling, and reading.

Units: 3

LING 151. Languages of the World

Prerequisite: LING 100. A survey of the linguistic features of the languages and language families of the world with an introduction to sound patterns, word structures, and sentence constructions.

Units: 3

LING 155. Computer Assisted Language Learning

Prerequisite: LING 100. Current theory, research, and practice in computer-assisted language learning. Some minimal experience in using computers is assumed. (2 lecture, 2 lab hours)

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

LING 165. Language Acquisition

Prerequisite: LING 100. An examination of first and second language acquisition. Overview of current research in the field and implications for areas of applied linguistics, psychology, education, and sociology.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 171. Practicum in TESOL

Prerequisite: LING 141 or concurrently. Provides practice in teaching English as a Second Language listening, speaking, reading and writing; includes class visitations, demonstrations and lesson planning. Introduces students to cross-cultural communications issues.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 190. Independent Study

See Academic Placement -- Independent Study. Approved for RP grading.

Units: 1-3, Repeatable up to 6 units
Course Typically Offered: Fall, Spring

LING 231T. Seminar in Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 100 and permission of instructor. Topics to be offered at the discretion of the department.

Units: 3

LING 232T. Seminar in English Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 100 and permission of instructor. Topics to be offered at the discretion of the department.

Units: 3

LING 236. Teaching Listening, Speaking & Pronunciation

An overview of theory, research and practice in the teaching of listening, speaking and pronunciation in a second language. Topics also include introudction to basic instrumental analysis of speech data in teaching LS pronunciation.

Units: 3

LING 237. Tch Read & Write

An overview theory, research, and practice in the teaching and learning of vocabulary, reading, and writing in a second language.

Units: 3

LING 238. Hist Linguistics

Historical survey of scientific ideas , terms, techniques, and theoretical positions in the study of language from ancient time to the present day, including traditional grammar, comparative philology, and modern linguistics. Overview of general scholarly concern and intellectual climate during each period.

Units: 3

LING 239. Phonetics

Prerequisite: LING 100 or consent of instructor. A graduate class on phonetics which provides advanced instruction and entry to the primary literature on two topics: the phonetics of English and acoustic phonetic analysis. No previous phonetics course is assumed of students.

Units: 3

LING 241. Seminar in Teaching English as a Second/Foreigh Language

Prerequisite: LING 141. Overview of research, theory, and pedagogy in the field; includes culture, second language acquisition, and professional issues.

Units: 3

LING 242. Seminar in Phonology

Prerequisite: LING 142. Covers current theories of how to structure sounds and syllables; the relation of sound structure to other parts of the grammar (words, sentences) and to first and second language acquisition. Data from a wide variety of languages.

Units: 3

LING 243. Seminar in Syntax

Prerequisite: LING 143. Current theories of how sentences are structured; the relation of sentence structure to other part of the grammar (words, meaning) and to first and second language acquisition. Data from a wide variety of languages.

Units: 3

LING 244. Curriculum Design and Classroom Evaluation

Covers techniques for designing language courses including assessment of needs, formulation of objectives, and evaluation of student learning; includes theory and methods of designing effective instruments for L2 classroom assessment.

Units: 3

LING 245. Seminar in Historical Linguistics

Prerequisite: LING 145. Contributionsof recent work in general linguistics, sociolinguistics, and language acquistion studies to our understanding of diachronic grammar and its recronstuction. Other topics include the insights provided by language variation, language universals and typology, and discourse analysis.

Units: 3

LING 248. Seminar in Sociolinguistics

Prerequisite: LING 148 or consent of instructor. A critical survey of current research in sociolinguistics; research methodologies; theoretical issues concerning the relationship between lingusitics variation and social variables, such as social class, ethnicity, gender, and social relations; bilingualism, multilingualism, world englishes, and language planning; implications for language teaching. (Formerly LING 231T)

Units: 3

LING 249. Field Methods

Prerequisite: LING 142 or LING 143 or consent of instructor. First-hand experience in collecting and analyzing linguistic data. Exact nature of data varies by semester and include less well-known languages, children's language, interlanguage, classroom interaction, etc.

Units: 3, Repeatable up to 6 units

LING 251. Seminar in Discourse Analysis

Prequisite: LING 144 or permission of instructor. Exploration and anaysis of the functional and other linguistic bases for the organization of units larger than the sentence.

Units: 3

LING 265. Seminar in Language Acquisition

A critical survey of current research in both first and second language acquisition; research methodologies; major theoretical issues in first and second language acquisition; first-hand experience in collecting and analyzing L1 and L2 acquisition data; implications for language teaching.

Units: 3

LING 290. Independ Study

See Academic Placement - Independent Study. Approved for RP grading.

Units: 1-3, Repeatable up to 6 units

LING 299A. Thesis

Prerequisite: See Criteria for Thesis and Project. Preparation, completion and submission of an acceptable thesis for the master's degree. (A) Thesis design. (B) Thesis writing. A and B may be taken concurrently. Approved for RP grading.

Units: 3

LING 299B. Thesis

Prerequisite: See Criteria for Thesis and Project. Preparation, completion and submission of an acceptable thesis for the master's degree. (A) Thesis design. (B) Thesis writing. A and B may be taken concurrently. Approved for RP grading.

Units: 3

LING 299C. Thesis Continuation

Pre-requisite: Thesis LING 299A or LING 299B. For continuous enrollment while completing the thesis. May enroll twice with department approval. Additional enrollments must be approved by the Dean of Graduate Studies.

Units: 0

PERS 1A. Elementary Modern Persian

Beginning course in modern Persian focusing on elementary conversational and written Persian and cultural traditions of Persian speaking people. G.E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall
GE Area: C2

PERS 1B. Elementary Modern Persian B

Prerequisite: PERS 1A or consent of professor. Beginning course in modern Persian focusing on developing conversational and written skills, vocabulary, and grammar. Cultural heritage of Persian speaking people is also studied with emphasis on poetry as an important cultural expression. G.E. Breadth C2.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring
GE Area: C2

PERS 2A. Intermediate Modern Persian 2A

Pre-requisite: Persian 1B or consent of professor. First semester intermediate course on modern Persian/focusing on grammar and developing writing, reading, and speaking skills. Cultural heritage of Persian speaking people is also studied with emphasis on Persian contemporary poetry and prose.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Fall

PERS 2B. Intermediate Modern Persian 2B

Prerequisite: Good working knowledge of Persian or consent of professor. Second course in Intermediate Persian focusing on developing proficiency in conversational, written, and reading skills. Cultural heritage of Persian speaking world is also studied with emphasis on Persian classical and contemporary poetry and prose.

Units: 3
Course Typically Offered: Spring

RES 4A. Spelling and Word Formation

Developing awareness of the systematic nature of English spelling in relation to the sound system and rules for word formation in the language. Mastery of the system rather than word memorization is emphasized.

Units: 1

RES 4B. Vocabulary Development

Acquiring greater sensitivity to the literal and implied meanings of words, developing an awareness of the processes of word formation in English, and expanding the active vocabulary.

Units: 1

RES 4C. Sentence Structure

Developing skill in writing clear, mature sentences. Focus is on structure that is, on the alternative ways of phrasing the same idea and the consequences of choosing one alternative and not another. Sentence and phrase expansion, reduction, combination, and rearrangement are emphasized, not traditional grammar.

Units: 1

SKT 10A. Sanskrit

Introduction to the Sanskrit language and the Devanagari script. Core grammatical structure and vocabulary. Reading of Sanskrit texts. Literary tradition and lifestyle of the speakers of the language, and relationship with Greek, Latin, and Germanic languages.

Units: 3

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Requirements

Requirements

Minors

Each of the four minors also requires a 2.0 GPA and 6 upper-division units in residence.

Japanese Minor

JAPN 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B (12 units)
Approved electives (See Advising Note 1.) (6 units)
Select the elective courses from JAPN 100, LING 120,LING 190 (Independent Study) or other courses approved by the Japanese minor coordinator.
Total (18 units)

Note: The minors also require a 2.0 GPA and 6 upper-division units in residence.

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Faculty